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Drug Testing Statistics
Drug use among the Nation's adolescents generally held steady in 1999 with
the exception of MDMA, or "ecstasy," and steroids, according to the most recent
Monitoring the Future study. This annual study, supported by NIDA and conducted
by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor,
surveys drug use among 8th-, 10th- and 12th-graders in the United States.
Secretary of Health and Human Services Dr. Donna E. Shalala presented the
results of the study at a press conference in Washington, D.C., in December. She
noted that for the third year in a row adolescent drug use rates stayed the same
or declined after the rapid rise in the early 1990s. "Today's report confirms
what we've suspected for some time: that the trend of increased drug use among
America's young people is grinding to a halt," she said. Also participating in
the press conference were White House Drug Policy Director General Barry
McCaffrey, NIDA Director Dr. Alan I. Leshner, and principal investigator Dr.
Lloyd Johnston of the University of Michigan.
Although no significant changes occurred in 1999 in the use of marijuana,
amphetamines, hallucinogens, tranquilizers, or heroin, several significant
changes in other drug use did occur, including:
a reduction in the use of crack cocaine by 8th- and 10th-graders, following
several years of gradually increasing use;
a reduction in the use of crystal methamphetamine, or "ice," among 12th-graders,
reaching the lowest level in 5 years;
a reduction in cigarette smoking among 8th-graders;
an increase in the use of MDMA among 10th- and 12th-graders; and
an increase in the use of anabolic steroids among 8th- and 10th- graders,
primarily among boys.
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone
that promote skeletal muscle growth. They have legitimate medical uses but
sometimes are used illegally to enhance athletic performance and improve
physical appearance. Side effects can include liver tumors, high blood pressure,
wild mood swings, and violent behavior.
Referring to the increase in MDMA use, Dr. Johnston said that the forces that
help spread the use of a new drug by adolescents generally work more quickly
than the forces that help to contain its use. "When a newer drug comes onto the
scene, young people hear much more about its supposed benefits than about its
potential harms," he said. "It can take some time for evidence of the adverse
consequences to become known to them." General McCaffrey noted that many
adolescents imagine that MDMA is a relatively safe drug, but recent NIDA-funded
studies show that it may cause long-term brain damage.
MDMA is one of several drugs that are known collectively as "club drugs" because
they are used at dance clubs and all-night dance parties called "raves." Other
club drugs include LSD, GHB, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, and ketamine. NIDA
recently announced an increase of 40 percent in its funding for research on club
drugs. It has also joined with other national organizations on a multimedia
campaign to educate the public about the dangers of using these drugs.
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